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<article-meta> <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">jpenergyacc892</article-id> <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1088/2515-7655/acc892</article-id> <article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">acc892</article-id> <article-id pub-id-type="other">JPENERGY-100630.R1</article-id> <article-categories> <subj-group subj-group-type="display-article-type"> <subject>Paper</subject> </subj-group> <subj-group subj-group-type="section"> <subject>Photovoltaics</subject> </subj-group> </article-categories> <title-group> <article-title>Investigating spatial macroscopic metastability of perovskite solar cells with voltage dependent photoluminescence imaging</article-title> </title-group> <contrib-group> <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"> <contrib-id authenticated="true" contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5552-1749</contrib-id> <name name-style="western"> <surname>Koutsourakis</surname> <given-names>George</given-names> </name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation01">1</xref> <xref ref-type="fn" rid="jpenergyacc892afn1">*</xref> <email>george.koutsourakis@npl.co.uk</email> </contrib> <contrib contrib-type="author"> <name name-style="western"> <surname>Worsley</surname> <given-names>Carys</given-names> </name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation02">2</xref> </contrib> <contrib contrib-type="author"> <name name-style="western"> <surname>Spence</surname> <given-names>Michael</given-names> </name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation02">2</xref> </contrib> <contrib contrib-type="author"> <name name-style="western"> <surname>Blakesley</surname> <given-names>James C</given-names> </name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation01">1</xref> </contrib> <contrib contrib-type="author"> <name name-style="western"> <surname>Watson</surname> <given-names>Trystan M</given-names> </name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation02">2</xref> </contrib> <contrib contrib-type="author"> <name name-style="western"> <surname>Carnie</surname> <given-names>Matt</given-names> </name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation02">2</xref> </contrib> <contrib contrib-type="author"> <contrib-id authenticated="true" contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2409-8300</contrib-id> <name name-style="western"> <surname>Castro</surname> <given-names>Fernando A</given-names> </name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="affiliation01">1</xref> </contrib> <aff id="affiliation01"> <label>1</label> <institution>National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Hampton Road, Teddington</institution> , Middlesex TW11 0LW, <country>United Kingdom</country> </aff> <aff id="affiliation02"> <label>2</label> <institution>SPECIFIC, Swansea University, Bay Campus</institution> , Swansea SA1 8EN, <country>United Kingdom</country> </aff> </contrib-group> <author-notes> <fn id="jpenergyacc892afn1"> <label>3</label> <p>Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed.</p> </fn> </author-notes> <pub-date pub-type="ppub" iso-8601-date="2023-04-01"> <day>01</day> <month>04</month> <year>2023</year> </pub-date> <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2023-04-11"> <day>11</day> <month>04</month> <year>2023</year> </pub-date> <pub-date pub-type="open-access" iso-8601-date="2023-04-11"> <day>11</day> <month>04</month> <year>2023</year> </pub-date> <volume>5</volume> <issue>2</issue> <elocation-id content-type="artnum">025008</elocation-id> <supplementary-material content-type="colour-figures"/> <supplementary-material content-type="supp-data" id="jpenergyacc892supp1" xlink:href="jpenergyacc892supp1.pdf"> <label>Supplementary data</label> <caption> <p>(1.0 MB PDF)</p> </caption> </supplementary-material> <history> <date date-type="received"> <day>12</day> <month>12</month> <year>2022</year> </date> <date date-type="rev-recd"> <day>01</day> <month>03</month> <year>2023</year> </date> <date date-type="accepted"> <day>29</day> <month>03</month> <year>2023</year> </date> <date date-type="oa-requested"> <day>06</day> <month>03</month> <year>2023</year> </date> </history> <permissions> <copyright-statement>© 2023 NPL Management Ltd & the Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd</copyright-statement> <copyright-year>2023</copyright-year> <license license-type="cc-by" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"> <license-p> <graphic content-type="print" xlink:href="jpenergyacc892license.eps"/> <graphic content-type="online" xlink:href="jpenergyacc892license.gif"/> Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license</ext-link> . Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. </license-p> </license> </permissions> <self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="jpenergy_5_2_025008.pdf"/> <abstract> <title>Abstract</title> <p> Metastability is a characteristic feature of perovskite solar cell (PSC) devices that affects power rating measurements and general electrical behaviour. In this work the metastability of different types of PSC devices is investigated through current–voltage ( <italic>I</italic> – <italic>V</italic> ) testing and voltage dependent photoluminescence (PL-V) imaging. We show that advanced <italic>I</italic> – <italic>V</italic> parameter acquisition methods need to be applied for accurate PSC performance evaluation, and that misleading results can be obtained when using simple fast <italic>I</italic> – <italic>V</italic> curves, which can lead to incorrect estimation of cell efficiency. The method, as applied in this work, can also distinguish between metastability and degradation, which is a crucial step towards reporting stabilised efficiencies of PSC devices. PL-V is then used to investigate temporal and spatial PL response at different voltage steps. In addition to the impact on current response, metastability effects are clearly observed in the spatial PL response of different types of PSCs. The results imply that a high density of local defects and non-uniformities leads to increased lateral metastability visible in PL-V measurements, which is directly linked to electrical metastability. This work indicates that existing quantitative PL imaging methods and point-based PL measurements of PSC devices may need to be revisited, as assumptions such as the absence of lateral currents or uniform voltage bias across a cell area may not be valid. </p> </abstract> <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author"> <kwd>perovskite solar cells</kwd> <kwd>measurements</kwd> <kwd>photoluminescence imaging</kwd> <kwd>metastability</kwd> </kwd-group> <funding-group> <award-group> <funding-source>UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)</funding-source> <award-id>EP/T028513/1</award-id> </award-group> </funding-group> <counts> <page-count count="9"/> </counts> <custom-meta-group> <custom-meta> <meta-name>ccc</meta-name> <meta-value>2515-7655/23/025008+9$33.00</meta-value> </custom-meta> <custom-meta> <meta-name>printed</meta-name> <meta-value>Printed in the UK</meta-value> </custom-meta> <custom-meta> <meta-name>crossmark</meta-name> <meta-value>yes</meta-value> </custom-meta> </custom-meta-group> </article-meta>